Playing the piano boosts brain processing power and helps lift the blues
[Dec 5, 2022: Chris Melvin, University of Bath]
Research demonstrates the positive impact learning to play a musical instrument has on the brain’s ability to process sights and sounds. (CREDIT: Creative Commons)
A new study published by researchers at the University of Bath demonstrates the positive impact learning to play a musical instrument has on the brain’s ability to process sights and sounds, and shows how it can also help to lift a blue mood.
Publishing their findings in the academic journal Nature Scientific Reports, the team behind the study shows how beginners who undertook piano lessons for just one hour a week over 11 weeks reported significant improvements in recognising audio-visual changes in the environment and reported less depression, stress and anxiety.
In the randomised control study, 31 adults were assigned into either a music training, music listening, or a control group. Individuals with no prior musical experiences or training were instructed to complete weekly one-hour sessions. Whilst the intervention groups played music, the control groups either listened to music or used the time to complete homework.
The researchers found that within just a few weeks of starting lessons*, people’s ability to process multisensory information – i.e., sight and sound – was enhanced. Improved ‘multisensory process’ has benefits for almost every activity we participate in – from driving a car and crossing a road, to finding someone in a crowd or watching TV.
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These multisensory improvements extended beyond musical abilities. With musical training, people’s audio-visual processing became more accurate across other tasks. Those who received piano lessons showed greater accuracy in tests where participants were asked to determine whether sound and vision ‘events’ occurred at the same time.
This was true both for simple displays presenting flashes and beeps, and for more complex displays showing a person talking. Such fine-tuning of individuals’ cognitive abilities was not present for the music listening group (where participants listened to the same music as played by the music group), or for the non-music group (where members studied or read).
In addition, the findings went beyond improvements in cognitive abilities, showing that participants also had reduced depression, anxiety and stress scores after the training compared to before it. The authors suggest that music training could be beneficial for people with mental health difficulties, and further research is currently underway to test this.
Stimuli and materials illustrations. Video frame and waveform representations of the stimuli used in the simultaneity judgement task. The flash-beep (top) consists of a single flash on a black background accompanied by a single beep. The face-voice (bottom) consisted of a male face on a black background accompanied by a ‘o’ utterance. The area size of the white flash approximated that of the mouth area in the face-voice clip. (CREDIT: Nature Communications)
Cognitive psychologist and music specialist Dr Karin Petrini from the University of Bath’s Department of Psychology, explained: “We know that playing and listening to music often brings joy to our lives, but with this study we were interested in learning more about the direct effects a short period of music learning can have on our cognitive abilities.
“Learning to play an instrument like the piano is a complex task: it requires a musician to read a score, generate movements and monitor the auditory and tactile feedback to adjust their further actions. In scientific terms, the process couples visual with auditory cues and results in a multisensory training for individuals.
Improvement in emotion recognition accuracy (top panel) calculated as accuracy difference score (correct responses, last testing session—first testing session). Positive numbers represent an improvement in accuracy by the end of the study, while negative numbers represent a decrease in accuracy. (CREDIT: Nature Communications)
“The findings from our study suggest that this has a significant, positive impact on how the brain processes audio-visual information even in adulthood when brain plasticity is reduced.”
Notes
Each music training session included two segments. The first 20-minute segment was dedicated to finger exercise. The second segment consisted of learning songs from the ABRSM 2017-2018 piano grade one exam list for 40 minutes.
Decrease in negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress calculated as DASS difference score (DASS at the last testing session—DASS at the first testing session). Negative numbers represent a reduction in negative emotional states, while positive numbers represent an increase. Numbers around zero indicate no difference in negative emotional states by the end of the study. MT = music training group; ML = music listening group; C = control group. Error bars represent errors standard of the means and the circles represent the individual data. (CREDIT: Nature Communications)
All training sessions were carried out on a one-to-one basis. Participants learned these pieces in the order presented below.
They proceeded to the next song once they could play the former one correctly and fluently:
William Gillock A Stately Sarabande. Classic Piano Repertoire (Elementary).
Johann Christian Bach Aria in F, BWV Anh. II 131.
Giuseppe Verdi La donna è mobile (from Rigoletto).
Bryan Kelly Gypsy Song: No. 6 from A Baker’s Dozen.
Traditional American Folk Song: When the saints go marching in.
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Note: Materials provided above by University of Bath. Content may be edited for style and length.
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